The diverse genetic origins of a Classical period Greek army-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

The diverse genetic origins of a Classical period Greek army

Published:2022-10-03 Issue:41 Volume:119 Page:
ISSN:0027-8424
Container-title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
language:en
Short-container-title:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Author:

Reitsema Laurie J.¹^ORCID,Mittnik Alissa²³⁴⁵⁶^ORCID,Kyle Britney⁷,Catalano Giulio⁸^ORCID,Fabbri Pier Francesco⁹^ORCID,Kazmi Adam C. S.¹,Reinberger Katherine L.¹^ORCID,Sineo Luca⁸^ORCID,Vassallo Stefano¹⁰,Bernardos Rebecca³^ORCID,Broomandkhoshbacht Nasreen³¹¹^ORCID,Callan Kim³¹⁰,Candilio Francesca¹²^ORCID,Cheronet Olivia¹³^ORCID,Curtis Elizabeth³¹¹,Fernandes Daniel¹³¹⁴^ORCID,Lari Martina¹⁵^ORCID,Lawson Ann Marie³¹¹^ORCID,Mah Matthew³¹¹¹⁶,Mallick Swapan³¹¹¹⁶,Mandl Kirsten¹³^ORCID,Micco Adam³¹¹¹⁶,Modi Alessandra¹⁵,Oppenheimer Jonas³¹¹,Özdogan Kadir Toykan¹³,Rohland Nadin³,Stewardson Kristin³¹¹,Vai Stefania¹⁵^ORCID,Vergata Chiara¹⁵^ORCID,Workman J. Noah³^ORCID,Zalzala Fatma³¹¹^ORCID,Zaro Valentina¹⁵^ORCID,Achilli Alessandro¹⁷^ORCID,Anagnostopoulos Achilles¹⁸^ORCID,Capelli Cristian¹⁹²⁰,Constantinou Varnavas¹⁸^ORCID,Lancioni Hovirag²¹^ORCID,Olivieri Anna¹⁷,Papadopoulou Anastasia¹⁸^ORCID,Psatha Nikoleta¹⁸,Semino Ornella¹⁷^ORCID,Stamatoyannopoulos John²²²³,Valliannou Ioanna¹⁸,Yannaki Evangelia¹⁸,Lazaridis Iosif²³^ORCID,Patterson Nick²¹⁶,Ringbauer Harald²⁴⁵⁶,Caramelli David¹⁵^ORCID,Pinhasi Ron¹⁵²⁴^ORCID,Reich David²³⁴⁵¹¹^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

2. Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138

3. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115

4. Max Planck−Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, 04103 Leipzig, Germany

5. Max Planck−Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA 02138

6. Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany

7. Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639

8. Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, 90123 Italy

9. Department of Cultural Heritage, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy

10. Soprintendenza per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali di Palermo, 90143 Palermo, Italy

11. Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115

12. Servizio di Bioarcheologia, Museo delle Civiltà, 00144 Rome, Italy

13. Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Universität Wien, 1090 Vienna, Austria

14. CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal

15. Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, 50122 Italy

16. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142

17. Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani,” Università di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy

18. Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Hematology-HCT Unit, General Hospital of Thessaloniki “George Papanikolaou”, 55710 Thessaloniki, Greece

19. Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom

20. Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy

21. Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy

22. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195

23. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195

24. Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, Universität Wien, A-1030 Vienna, Austria

Abstract

Trade and colonization caused an unprecedented increase in Mediterranean human mobility in the first millennium BCE. Often seen as a dividing force, warfare is in fact another catalyst of culture contact. We provide insight into the demographic dynamics of ancient warfare by reporting genome-wide data from fifth-century soldiers who fought for the army of the Greek Sicilian colony of Himera, along with representatives of the civilian population, nearby indigenous settlements, and 96 present-day individuals from Italy and Greece. Unlike the rest of the sample, many soldiers had ancestral origins in northern Europe, the Steppe, and the Caucasus. Integrating genetic, archaeological, isotopic, and historical data, these results illustrate the significant role mercenaries played in ancient Greek armies and highlight how participation in war contributed to continental-scale human mobility in the Classical world.

Funder

Howard Hughes Medical Institute

John Templeton Foundation

Allen Foundation

Fondazione Cariplo

Dipartimenti di Eccellenza

HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences

National Science Foundation

Publisher

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Link

https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2205272119

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