1. 2. As for instance drawn by N. Steneck at the first World Conference on Research Integrity in Lisbon, 2007.
2. 7. With respect to categories (3) and (4) see the excellent publication of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Guidelines on Good Publication Practice (Committee on Publication Ethics).
3. 3. Reported by N. Steneck at the EFS-ORI first World Conference on Research Integrity, Fostering Responsible Research, Lisbon, Portugal, 16–19 September 2007. The same increase of misconduct was generally reported by European Academy Presidents in a survey conducted in 2007, and reported by P. J. D. Drenth (Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Policies and Practices) at the same Lisbon conference.
4. 1. Reported in Science, 27 March 1991.
5. 4. In a separate overview, some of their activities have been summarised (P. J. D. Drenth, International Initiatives Research Integrity, Amsterdam: KNAW).