Pressure determinations for incompressible fluids and magnetofluids

Abstract

Certain unresolved ambiguities surround pressure determinations for incompressible flows: both Navier–Stokes and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD). For uniform-density fluids with standard Newtonian viscous terms, taking the divergence of the equation of motion leaves a Poisson equation for the pressure to be solved. But Poisson equations require boundary conditions. For the case of rectangular periodic boundary conditions, pressures determined in this way are unambiguous. But in the presence of ‘no-slip’ rigid walls, the equation of motion can be used to infer both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions on the pressure P, and thus amounts to an over-determination. This has occasionally been recognized as a problem, and numerical treatments of wallbounded shear flows usually have built in some relatively ad hoc dynamical recipe for dealing with it – often one that appears to ‘work’ satisfactorily. Here we consider a class of solenoidal velocity fields that vanish at no-slip walls, have all spatial derivatives, but are simple enough that explicit analytical solutions for P can be given. Satisfying the two boundary conditions separately gives two pressures, a ‘Neumann pressure’ and a ‘Dirichlet pressure’, which differ nontrivially at the initial instant, even before any dynamics are implemented. We compare the two pressures, and find that, in particular, they lead to different volume forces near the walls. This suggests a reconsideration of no-slip boundary conditions, in which the vanishing of the tangential velocity at a no-slip wall is replaced by a local wall-friction term in the equation of motion.