An Outbreak of a New Infectious Disease COVID-19: β-coronaviruses as a Threat to Global Healthcare

Abstract

Coronaviruses are the largest group of known positive-strand RNA viruses. Coronavirus infection can affect various animal species, as well as humans. Over the past two decades, coronaviruses have caused epidemic outbreaks of two respiratory diseases: the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. At the end of 2019, a new type of virus was detected in China. The virus has been spread by humantohuman transmission and has caused a viral pneumonia outbreak. The emergence of a new coronavirus proves that the diseases caused by this group of viruses pose a threat to global health due to the potential for a pandemic, and, therefore, need careful monitoring. The objective of the study was to analyse the current epidemic situation for the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2, taking into account previous outbreaks of infections caused by MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV β-coronaviruses which pose the greatest threat to human health. The review briefly describes two epidemic outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV (2002–2004) and MERS-CoV (2012–present), summarises the current epidemic situation for the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, describes the main restrictive measures undertaken to prevent the spread of infection in Russia. The paper considers aspects of potential specific therapy and the development of prophylactic vaccines against the new coronavirus infection. The review concludes that SARS-CoV-2 has pandemic potential and that new strains of β-coronaviruses are likely to cause outbreaks in the future. The paper points to the need for careful monitoring of the disease and conducting preventive anti-epidemic measures to curb the spread of infection.