Recent advances in the detection of brown adipose tissue in adult humans: a review

Author:

Ong Frank J.1,Ahmed Basma A.2,Oreskovich Stephan M.1,Blondin Denis P.3,Haq Tahniyah1,Konyer Norman B.4,Noseworthy Michael D.5,Haman Francois6,Carpentier Andre C.4,Morrison Katherine M.1,Steinberg Gregory R.27

Affiliation:

1. Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

2. Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

3. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

4. Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada

5. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

6. School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada

7. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Abstract

The activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is associated with reductions in circulating lipids and glucose in rodents and contributes to energy expenditure in humans indicating the potential therapeutic importance of targetting this tissue for the treatment of a variety of metabolic disorders. In order to evaluate the therapeutic potential of human BAT, a variety of methodologies for assessing the volume and metabolic activity of BAT are utilized. Cold exposure is often utilized to increase BAT activity but inconsistencies in the characteristics of the exposure protocols make it challenging to compare findings. The metabolic activity of BAT in response to cold exposure has most commonly been measured by static positron emission tomography of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in combination with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET-CT) imaging, but recent studies suggest that under some conditions this may not always reflect BAT thermogenic activity. Therefore, recent studies have used alternative positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging strategies and radiotracers that may offer important insights. In addition to PET-CT, there are numerous emerging techniques that may have utility for assessing BAT metabolic activity including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), skin temperature measurements, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and contrast ultrasound (CU). In this review, we discuss and critically evaluate the various methodologies used to measure BAT metabolic activity in humans and provide a contemporary assessment of protocols which may be useful in interpreting research findings and guiding the development of future studies.

Publisher

Portland Press Ltd.

Subject

General Medicine

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