Biological ammonium transporters from the Amt/Mep/Rh superfamily: mechanism, energetics, and technical limitations

Author:

Williamson Gordon1,Bizior Adriana1,Harris Thomas1,Pritchard Leighton1,Hoskisson Paul A.1ORCID,Javelle Arnaud1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, U.K.

Abstract

Abstract The exchange of ammonium across cellular membranes is a fundamental process in all domains of life and is facilitated by the ubiquitous Amt/Mep/Rh transporter superfamily. Remarkably, despite a high structural conservation in all domains of life, these proteins have gained various biological functions during evolution. It is tempting to hypothesise that the physiological functions gained by these proteins may be explained at least in part by differences in the energetics of their translocation mechanisms. Therefore, in this review, we will explore our current knowledge of energetics of the Amt/Mep/Rh family, discuss variations in observations between different organisms, and highlight some technical drawbacks which have hampered effects at mechanistic characterisation. Through the review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of current understanding of the mechanism of transport of this unique and extraordinary Amt/Mep/Rh superfamily of ammonium transporters.

Funder

Tenovus Scotland

UKRI | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

Royal Academy of Engineering Research

Publisher

Portland Press Ltd.

Subject

Cell Biology,Molecular Biology,Biochemistry,Biophysics

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