1. Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
2. Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
3. Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
4. Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee
5. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
6. Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
7. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
8. Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
9. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
10. Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana
11. Section of Emergency Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans
12. Department of Emergency Medicine, Lincoln Medical Center, Bronx, New York
13. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
14. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
15. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
16. Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
17. Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
18. Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Disease, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
19. Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
20. University Medical Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
21. Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans
22. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
23. for the BOUGIE Investigators and the Pragmatic Critical Care Research Group