1. Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
2. Yale–Drug Use, Addiction, and HIV Research Scholars Program, New Haven, Connecticut
3. Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
4. Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
5. Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
6. Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia