Seismic T Phases in the Western-Central Mediterranean: Source of Seismic Hazard?

Abstract

Abstract The Algerian offshore earthquake of 18 March 2021, Mw 6.0, was felt by people in various Italian regions, also at large epicentral distance. This unusual human perception far from the source prompted us to analyze the waveforms recorded by land seismic stations installed along the Iberian, French, and Italian coasts. On some seismograms of the selected network, prominent T phases are detected. T waves can travel in the SOund Fixing And Ranging (SOFAR) channel over great distances (thousands of kilometers) with little loss in signal strength and be recorded by near-coastal seismometers after the P (primary) and S (secondary) phases (hence T or tertiary phases). To explain the subjective perception of ground shaking with quantities that are measured on the seismogram, we estimated the empirical macroseismic intensities for both body and T phases and we calculated the body-wave seismic attenuation. The P-wave anelastic attenuation analysis shows two main wave propagation patterns that reflect lithosphere heterogeneity of the Algerian, Liguro-Provençal, and Tyrrhenian basins. We find that in some cases, in particular along the Italian and French coasts, the largest ground shaking is caused by the T phase. Our observations confirm that the central-western Mediterranean Sea is a favorable site for T-wave propagation and suggest that the T phases should be taken into account in ground-shaking hazard assessment for the central-western Mediterranean.