Exploring the Antiviral Potential of Polyphenols against Re-emerging and Emerging Viral Infections: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

The emergence and re-emergence of viral diseases pose significant challenges to global public health. Polyphenols have emerged as promising candidates in the search for effective antiviral strategies because of their diverse biological activities and natural abundance. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed analysis of the antiviral potential of polyphenols against a spectrum of viral pathogens. The molecular mechanisms underlying the antiviral activity of polyphenols against coronaviruses, herpesviruses, hepatitis viruses, influenza viruses and noroviruses were thoroughly discussed. Several insights into their general characteristics, extraction methods and general health benefits were also provided. This was followed by an examination of the efficacy of polyphenols as antiviral agents in animal studies and clinical trials. Finally, the promising use of biocompatible nanocarriers was explored to enhance the bioactivity and bioavailability of polyphenols. Despite the progress made in understanding the antiviral activities of polyphenols, several research gaps warrant further investigation. Overall, this knowledge can guide future research and development efforts toward the utilisation of polyphenols as effective therapeutics against a broad range of viral pathogens.