Archaeobotanical Elucidation of <i>Moringa oleifera</i>: It’s Biological, Ethnopharmacological and Phytochemical Activities

Abstract

Moringa oleifera (family Moringaceae) was originally first found in India now it has been cultivated in various regions of the world. The architecture of a plant is an endogenous morphological growth pattern through which the plant develops its shape. Analysing plant architecture is important for the understanding of plant growth, and branching patterns. A high source of natural phytochemical compounds is present in Moringa, and plant parts have high nutritional value. Moringa is used in animal feeding systems to fight malnutrition in India and Africa. The potency of Moringa is evaluated for its effectiveness on rats and humans, among other animals. It is a safe, affordable, and effective pharmacological and dietary option. M. oleifera is a fantastic food crop with clear economic, medicinal, and nutritional advantages. Moringa contains Alkaloids, vincristine, vinblastine, kaempferitrin, isoquercitrin, kaempherol, polyphenols and flavonoids that may be present in Moringa. Moringa leaves contain vitamin C and beta-carotene which act against free radicals. Quercetin acts as an antioxidant property and chlorogenic acid, polyphenol act as an antioxidant and anticancer activity. The presence of 4-L-rhamnosyloxybenzyl isothiocyanate is responsible for showing the antibacterial activity of the root. Moringa is used as a superfood supplement and has immune booster properties. Ethnopharmacological activity of Moringa includes antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, analgesic, chronic periodontitis, antipyretic, cardio protecting, anti-asthmatic, antispasmodic, promoting breast milk production, biogas production and water filtration properties. Numerous studies have shown that it can control physiological processes, as well as both prevent and treat illnesses. Nowadays researchers developed Moringa oleifera leaf nanoparticles that show antidiabetic and antiproliferative activity against human cancer lines and others. In clinical or human studies, lower doses of Moringa were not associated with any negative effects or toxicities.