1. Daza de Valdes B. The use of eye glasses. 1623, See:Hirschberg, History of Ophthalmology, vol 11 (Runge PE ed.). Wayenborgh, Belgium, 2004.
2. Sir William Bowman (1816–1892) practiced at the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital (now Mooorfields Hospital). In 1880 he founded the Ophthalmological Society (now the Royal College of Ophthalmologists). He also was a histologist and anatomist; his name is preserved in Bowman's membrane
3. Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821–1894) is best known for his invention of the ophthalmoscope (1851) and for his work on all aspects of physiologic optics and visual perception. He also contributed to many fields outside ophthalmology
4. Friederich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von Gaefe (1828–1870) studied for three years with the famous ophthalmologists of his time (including in Vienna, Paris, London) before returning to Berlin where he opened his famous eye clinic in 1850; there he taught many young ophthalmologists. He was an excellent surgeon, invented the iridectomy for glaucoma, started Graefe's Archives, still a dominant journal, and was a founder of the German Ophthalmological Society