1. Lewis, I M. 2002.Modern history of the Somali: Revised, updated & expanded, 1–18. Ohio University Press. See also John Markakis, Resource conflict in the Horn of Africa, Sage, London, 1998 (Introduction and Part II, Ethnic and clan movements section). Lee V Cassanelli, Somali land resource issues in historical perspective, in Walter Clarke and Jeffrey Herbst, Learning from Somalia: The lessons of armed humanitarian intervention, Westview Press, 1997, pp 67–77
2. Mohamed Jama Urdoh. (07/09/1967), Al-Yoom Newspaper, 20, Mogadishu, Somalia. (The editor of the report published the names, clans and districts for which these officers were responsible.)
3. Markakis. op cit (Introduction)
4. Africa Watch, A government at war with its own people: Somalia, The Africa Watch Committee, 1990. 10
5. Ibid.