1. For example, a summary of control mechanisms in France, Great Britain, Canada, and Australia is available in Peter Chalk and William Rosenau,Confronting the Enemy Within: Security Intelligence, the Police, and Counterterrorism in Four Democracies(Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2004); a summary of U.S. oversight is available in Steven C. Boraz, “Executive Privilege: Intelligence Oversight in the United States,” in Thomas C. Bruneau, ed.Reforming Intelligence Across the World: Institutions and Culture; and various European structures in Hans Born, “Democratic and Parliamentary Oversight of the Intelligence Services: Best Practices and Procedures,” Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Working Paper Series No. 20, athttp://www.dcaf.ch/publications/Working_Papers/20.pdf .
2. Mark M. Lowenthal ,Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy( Washington , DC : CQ Press , 2000 ), p. 151 .
3. The U.S. State Department's most recent Annual Survey of Human Rights notes, “(Colombia's) human rights record remained poor; however, there were significant improvements in some areas. An increasingly small percentage of total human rights abuses reported were attributed to security forces; however, some members of the security forces continued to commit serious abuses, including unlawful and extra-judicial killings. Some members of the security forces collaborated with the AUC terrorist group that committed serious abuses. Allegations of forced disappearances and kidnappings remained.” See U.S. State Department's “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices” on Colombia athttp://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27891.htm. Amnesty International athttp://www.amnesty.org/, The Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) athttp://www.wola.org/Colombia/colombia.htm, The Center for International Policy (CIP) athttp://www.ciponline.org/colombia/index.htmand many others monitor the human rights situation in Colombia. All of these organizations cite links between the AUC and the military as serious human rights problems.
4. Thomas C. Bruneau and Kenneth R. Dombroski , “Reforming Intelligence: The Challenge of Control in New Democracies,” draft paper presented to The Round Table on Intelligence and Democracy, 26–27 August 2004 ( Monterey , California : Naval Postgraduate School , 2004 ).