1. Examples include, U.S. Congress, Church and Pike Committees (1975–1976) and Senate inquiry on the CIA’s Torture Program (2014), Hope’s inquiry in Australia (1976–1977, 1984–1985), and the UK’s Chilcot Inquiry (2009–2016).
2. Peter Gill, “Democratic and Parliamentary Accountability of Intelligence Services After September 11th,”Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF),Working Paper No.103 (Geneva: DCAF, 2003), p. 1. For instance, in Spain, Brazil, Columbia, and post-Soviet states, see Ian Leigh, “More Closely Watching the Spies,” pp. 4–5; Andrea Giménez-Salinas, “The Spanish Intelligence Services,” in Jean P. Brodeur, Peter Gill, and Denis Tollborg, eds.Democracy, Law and Security: Internal Security Services in Contemporary Europe(Ashgate, UK: Aldershot, 2003), pp. 66–78; Marco Cepik, Carlos Brandão, and Priscila Antunes, “The New Brazilian Intelligence Law: An Institutional Assessment,” paper presented to the Centre for Hemispheric Defense Studies, Washington, DC (Washington, DC: Centre for Hemispheric Defense Studies, 2001); Alexander H. Joffe, “Dismantling Intelligence Agencies,”Crime, Law & Social change,Vol. 32, 1999, pp. 325–346; Steven C. Boraz, “Establishing Democratic Control of Intelligence in Colombia,”International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence,Vol. 19, No.1, Spring 2006, pp. 84–109; Adrezej Rzeplinski, “Security Services in Poland and their Oversight,” in Jean P. Brodeur, Peter Gill, and Denis Tollborg, eds.Democracy, Law and Security: Internal Security Services in Contemporary Europe.
3. Chris Fergusson and Jeffrey O. Isima, eds.Providing Security for People: Enhancing Security Through Police, Justice, and Intelligence Reform in Africa,(Shrivenham, UK: Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform, 2004); Johnny Kwadjo, “Changing Intelligence Dynamics in Africa,” in Sandy Africa and Johnny Kwadjo, eds.Changing Intelligence Dynamics in Africa(GFN-SSR and ASSN), pp. 95–124, at p. 95.