1. Carver, R. 1990.Where Silence Rules. The Suppression of Dissent in Malawi, Africa Watch Report 55–60. London In addition to the studies by Chirwa and Kaspin above see
2. 1923.Handbook of Nyasaland, 1922138–139. Zomba Malawi National Archives [hereafter MNA] S1/112, Annual Reports for the Northern Province. See also
3. Vail and White. “Tribalism'”. 165
4. Vail, H. L. 1972. “'Religion, Language and the Tribal Myth: the Tumbuka and Cewa of Malawi'”. unpublished paper