1. Evidence of the strength of feeling can also be seen by the riots that accompanied the talk of the pro-Garibaldi speaker Alessandro Gavazzi in Galway in 1859 and in Tralee in 1862. Gavazzi, who went on to become an army chaplain with Garibaldi, had a history of incensing audiences with his anti-Papal rhetoric.
2. ‘But what would be the objectives of an Irish Brigade in an Italian war? Not mere employment, for there is plenty of that at home; for the assertion of a patriotic principle, for that principle would be on the other side, neither could they be promoting Catholic interests, for all their success must be obtained at the expense of Catholics. One thing only would they be doing – they would be helping to establish in tyrannical strength a Government against which its own subjects had risen as utterly intolerable, and that, in our humble opinion, it is not exactly a work in which it is desirable to assist.’ The Times, 19 May 1860.
3. Cullen to Moran , January 2, 1863, PICR Archives KIR/1863/4.
4. Giuseppe Mazzini and Irish nationalism;Barr;Proceedings of the British Academy,2008
5. Details of the many masses held are to be found in The Nation, from October 6, 1860 throughout the autumn and winter of that year.