1. Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
2. Shikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kochi, Japan
3. Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
4. Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
5. School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K