1. Martin E. Dann,The Black Press, 1827–1890: The Quest for National Identity(New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1971), 14.
2. Charles A. Simmons,The African American Press: A History of News Coverage during National Crisis with Special Reference to Four Black Newspapers, 1827–1965 (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. 1998), 165.
3. David F. Burg,The Great Depression(New York: Facts on File, 2005), 41.
4. Carole Marks,Farewell-We're Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 2–3.