1. Christopher C. De Santis,Langston Hughes and theChicago Defender, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 13.
2. Quoted by Stanley Nelson, producer/director, in The Black Press: Soldiers without Swords (San Francisco: California Newsreel, 1998), videocassette. Also see James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 172
3. and A Chance to Make Good: African-Americans, 1900-1929 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 150.
4. Selling the American dream myth to black southerners: The Chicagodefenderand the great migration of 1915–1919
5. Roi Ottley,The Lonely Warrior: The Life and Times of Robert S. Abbott(Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1955), 160.