1. Allen, W. H. (1975). Intellectual abilities and instructional media design.AV Communication Review, 23, 139–170.
2. Ausubel, D. P., Novak, J. D., & Hanesian, H. (1978).Educational psychology: A cognitive view. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
3. Beck, C. R. (1983). Successive and simultaneous picture and passage formats: Visual, tactual, and topical effects.Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 31, 145–152.
4. Cassidy, M. F., & Knowlton, J. Q. (1983). Visual literacy: A failed metaphor.Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 31, 67–90.
5. Chan, A., & Travers, R. (1966). The effect on retention of labeling visual displays.American Educational Research Journal, 3, 55–67.