Abstract
AbstractCentral composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to optimize initial temperature (ºC), ramp function (ºC/min) and salt addition for trihalomethane extraction/quantification from the drinking water distribution network in Ratta Amral, Rawalpindi., Pakistan. Drinking water samples were collected from the treatment plant, overhead reservoir and consumer’s taps. The USEPA method for trihalomethane detection 551.1 via gas chromatography was applied using liquid–liquid extraction. The experiments with input variables for sample preparation and operational conditions were performed in a randomized order as per design of experiment by central composite rotatable design and responses were evaluated for model development. A significant (p = 0.005) two-factor interaction model was optimized. Initial temperature was observed to be insignificant (p = 0.64), while ramp function (p = 0.0043) and salt addition (p = 0.04) were significant. Product of salt addition and ramp was significant (p = 0.004), while product of initial temperature and salt addition was insignificant (p = 0.008). With a desirability function of 0.97, an initial temperature of 50 ºC, 6 ºC rise/min to 180 ºC and 0.5 g salt were optimized. It was found that development and optimization of the analytical methods for rapid trihalomethane detection would improve optimization of the current treatment practices in the country.
Funder
Higher Education Commision, Pakistan
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,Environmental Chemistry,Environmental Engineering
Reference83 articles.
1. Abbas S, Hashmi I, Saif Ur Rehman M, Qazi IA, Awan MA, Nasir H (2015) Monitoring of chlorination disinfection by-products and their associated health risks in drinking water of Pakistan. J Water Health 13(1):270–284
2. Abdullah AM (2014) Assessment of potential risks from trihalomethanes in water supply at Alexandria Governorate. J Pollut Eff Contrl 2(2):119
3. Abusallout I, Rahman S, Hua G (2017) Effect of temperature and pH on dehalogenation of total organic chlorine, bromine and iodine in drinking water. Chemosphere 187:11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.149
4. Akçay H, Anagun AS (2013) Multi response optimization application on a manufacturing factory. Comput Math with Appl 18(3):531–538
5. Allard S, Charrois JW, Joll CA, Heitz A (2012) Simultaneous analysis of 10 trihalomethanes at nanogram per liter levels in water using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass-spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1238:15–21
Cited by
5 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献