1. The question of post-ministerial careers has so far attracted little systematic attention, although impressionistic remarks are often made about the ‘advantages’ which ex-ministers may draw from their stay in government. One article on the subject, which relates to France, is that of J.L. Bodiguel, ‘Que sont les ministres devenus?’, Pouvoirs (1986), pp. 135–42, n. 36.