1. Andrew Appleton and Daniel S. Ward, ‘Party Transformation in France and the United States’, Comparative Politics, vol. 26 (October 1993), pp. 69–98.
2. Frank L. Wilson, ‘Sources of Party Transformation: The Case of France’, in Peter H. Merkl (ed.), Western European Party Systems (New York: The Free Press, 1980), pp. 526–7.
3. Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair, ‘The Evolution of Party Organizations in Europe: The Three Faces of Party Organisation’, American Review of Politics vol. 14 (Winter 1993), pp. 593–617.
4. Robert Michels, Political Parties (New York: The Free Press, 1962).
5. Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties: Organization and Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 17–20.