1. Wielgohs explains that while 23 parties or election slates campaigned for the Volkskammer, 12 were elected into parliament, and only 7 constituted party groups. By the summer of 1990 most of these had oriented themselves to the West German political camps, and the rest were marginalized in the Volk-skammer and in subsequent elections. During 1989/90 over 50 political parties and movements were founded in the GDR. See Carola Wuttke and Bernd Musiolek, eds., Parteien und politische Bewegungen im letzten Jahr der DDR (Berlin: BasisDruck, 1991).
2. See Geoffrey K. Roberts, Party Politics in the New Germany (London and Washington: Pinter, 1997)
3. Ute Schmidt, “Sieben Jahre nach der Einheit. Die ostdeutsche Parteienlandschaft im Vorfeld der Bundestagswahl 1998,” Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte B 1-2 (1998): 37–53.
4. Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Ballentine Books, 1996), 267.
5. See Charles Maier, “Democracy and Its Discontents,” Foreign Affairs 73 (July/August 1994): 48–64.