1. For a review of these, and a number of other arguments, see J. Roland Pennock, Democratic Political Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979) ch. 4.
2. R. Wollheim, ‘A Paradox in the Theory of Democracy’ in P. Laslett and W. G. Runciman (eds), Philosophy, Politics and Society, series 2 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1962) pp. 71–87.
3. Compare Amy Gutman, Liberal Equality (Cambridge University Press, 1980) p. 177.
4. The best account of this form of democracy is still to be found in Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: Allen & Unwin, 1942, 4th edn 1954), who defines this form of democracy as ‘that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people’s vote’ (p. 269).
5. Compare Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, pp. 294–5.