1. See F. Frey, The Turkish Political Elite (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965), especially Ch. 13.
2. J. S. Szyliowicz, ‘Elite recruitment in Turkey: the role of the Mülkiye’, World Politics, 23 (1971), pp. 371–98.
3. C. H. Dodd, Politics and Government in Turkey (Manchester and Berkeley: Manchester University Press and University of California Press, 1969), Ch. 18.
4. Metin Heper, ‘Recent trends in Turkish politics: end of a monocentrist polity?’, International Journal of Turkish Studies (1979–80) pp. 102–13.