1. Ridout S (2019) Complete list of Arabic speaking countries—2020 update. http://istizada.com/complete-list-of-arabic-speaking-countries-2014/. Accessed 18-12-2019
2. Versteegh K (2014) Arabic language. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh
3. Suleiman Y (2003) The Arabic language and national identity. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh
4. Shaalan K, Al-Sheikh S, Oroumchian F (2012) Query expansion based-on similarity of terms for improving Arabic information retrieval. In: International conference on intelligent information processing, pp 167–176
5. El-Desouky AI, Salem MM, El-Gwad AOA, Arafat H (1991) A handwritten Arabic character recognition technique for machine reader. In: Third international conference on software engineering for real time systems, pp 212–216