1. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto, (MARPOL 73/78), London, 17 February 1978.
2. International Maritime Organization (IMO), “Summary of Conventions as at 31 May 2007,” http://www.imo.org/Conventions/mainframe.asp?topic_id=247.
3. V. Eyring, H. W. Köhler, J. van Aardenne, and A. Lauer, “Emissions from international shipping: 1. The last 50 years,”Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (2005): D17305. Eyring and others cite a figure of 280 million tons for the fuel consumption by the global shipping fleet (>100GT), substantial growth of this number in the near future being also mentioned.
4. Directive 2005/33/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005, amending Directive 1999/32/EC. See Official Journal of the European Union of 22 July 2005, OJL191.
5. IMO, Intersessional Meeting of the BLG Working Group on Air Pollution, “Revision of MARPOL Annex VI, the NOx Technical Code and Related Guidelines: Proposed Amendments to Marpol Annex VI,” BLG-WGAP 1/2/5 (London: IMO, 2006). This paper was submitted by Intertanko, representing about 70% of the independent world tanker fleet.