Physical methods for preparation of nanomaterials, their characterization and applications: a review

Abstract

AbstractNanotechnology refers to nanomaterials of different dimensions, ranging in size from 1 to 100 nm. Shape and size, as well as properties of nanomaterials, depend on the materials based on their production. Nanomaterials are classified according to the type of substrate into carbon-based nanomaterials, metal-based nanomaterials, ceramic nanomaterials, lipid-based nanomaterials, semiconductor nanomaterials, and polymer nanomaterials. There are many physical methods that are widely used to produce nanomaterials, among these methods are inert gas condensation (IGC), physical evaporation, electric arc discharge, sputtering, and laser methods. Many characterization analysis techniques of nanomaterials, including ultraviolet–visible (UV–V) spectroscopy, XRD (X-ray diffraction), BET (Brunauere emmette teller), FESEM (Field emission scanning electron microscopy), FTIRS (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), TEM (Transmission electron microscopy) and Zeta size analysis. The unique properties that distinguish nanomaterials, allows them to penetrate many applications that directly serve the world. Nanomaterials have been utilized in various applications in the environment, agriculture, food industries, medical industries, chemical processing, and military industries.