First-year Medical Students’ Varying Vulnerability to Developing Depressive Symptoms and Its Predictors: a Latent Profile Analysis

Abstract

Abstract Objective Previous meta-analytic data have demonstrated the propensity for mental morbidity among medical students (Rotenstein et al. JAMA. 2016;316(21):2214–36). However, there is a lack of research on medical students’ varying depression vulnerabilities and predictive factors. The present study aims to gain a better understanding of the development of mental health morbidity and its predictive factors among first-semester medical students. Methods In November 2020 and January 2021, 184 first-semester students from two medical schools were surveyed regarding depression (PHQ-9), self-efficacy, resilience, and cognitive self-regulation. Using latent profile analysis, we identified distinct depression development profiles. We applied a multinomial logistic regression analysis to determine how self-efficacy, resilience, and cognitive self-regulation and their changes predicted profile membership. Results Five profiles of depression development were identified: profile 1, no depression (53.8%); profile 2, mild depression (26.1%); profile 3, depression increase I (9.2%); profile 4, depression increase II (9.8%); and profile 5, persistent depression (1.1%). Students with initially high self-efficacy, resilience, and cognitive self-regulation levels were more likely to belong to the no depression profile. A decrease in self-efficacy and cognitive self-regulation was associated with both depression increase profiles (profiles 3 and 4), and a decrease in resilience was found to be a predictor of profile 4. Conclusion Students who enter medical school have varying states of mental health, and they differ in their vulnerability to developing depressive symptoms. The promotion of resilience, self-efficacy, and cognitive self-regulation strategies may be key in preventing students’ depression in the first semester of medical school.