1. Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKitashirakawa Oiwake‐cho, Sakyo‐kuKyoto606‐8502Japan
2. Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteApartado 0843‐03092, Balboa, AncónPanamaRepublic of Panama
3. Department of Forest ScienceTokyo University of AgricultureSakuragaoka 1‐1‐1, SetagayaTokyo156‐8502Japan
4. Institute for Global Environmental StrategiesKamiyamaguchi 2108‐11, Hayama‐choMiuraKanagawa240‐0115Japan