1. I am referring here primarily to the segmentary model of analysis as articulated by British social anthropologists, particularly Edward E. Evans-Pritchard and Ernest Gellner, and to the work of modernization theorists such as Daniel Lerner. See the classic work by Evans-Pritchard, The Sanusi of Cyrenaica (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1949), 59–60;
2. Gellner’s Saints of the Atlas (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1969), 35–70. Critiques of this model include
3. David Seddon, “Economic Anthropology or Political Economy: Approaches to the Analysis of Pre-Capitalist Formation in the Maghrib,” in The New Economic Anthropology, ed. John Clammer, 61–107 (London: Macmillan, 1978);
4. Talal Asad, The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, 1968), 8–11;
5. Lila Abu-Lughod, “Zones of Theory in the Anthropology of the Arab World,” Annual Review of Anthropology 18 (1989): 280–287. Works informed by modernization methodologies include