1. Robert Nozick, “Coercion”, in Philosophy, Science, and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel, Sidney Morgenbesser, Patrick Suppes, and Morton White, eds. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1969); Harry Frankfurt, “Coercion and Moral Responsibility”, in The Importance of What We Care About (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988); J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds., Nomos XIV: Coercion (Chicago, IL: Aldine-Atherton, 1972).
2. Michael Bayles, “A Concept of Coercion”, in J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds., Nomos XIV: Coercion (Chicago, IL: Aldine-Atherton, 1972), 17.
3. H. J. McCloskey, “Coercion: Its Nature and Significance”, Southern Journal of Philosophy 18 (1980), 340.
4. Ibid., 336.
5. The denial that direct force is a mode of coercion is explicit in Hans Oberdiek, “The Role of Sanctions and Coercion in Understanding Law and Legal Systems”, American Journal of Jurisprudence 21 (1976), 82; Mark Fowler, “Coercion and Practical Reason”, Social Theory and Practice 8 (1982), 329; Michael Gorr, “Toward a Theory of Coercion”, Canadian Journal of Philosophy 16 (1986), 383; Joel Feinberg, Harm to Self (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), especially chapter 23; Onora O’Neill, “Which are the Offers You Can’t Refuse?”, chapter 7 in R. G. Frey and Christopher Morris, eds., Violence, Terrorism, and Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Mitchell Berman, “The Normative Functions of Coercion Claims”, Legal Theory 8 (2002), 45. It is implicit but unmistakable in Nozick’s account and in most of the considerable number of theorists who have taken their bearings from him (see note 15 infra). Felix Oppenheim, in Dimensions of Freedom (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1961), offers a forerunner of Nozick’s approach. For those who accept force as a kind of coercion, see Virginia Held, “Coercion and Coercive Offers”, in Pennock and Chapman; Martin Gunderson, “Threats and Coercion”, Canadian Journal of Philosophy 9 (1979), 247; Grant Lamond, “Coercion, Threats, and the Puzzle of Blackmail”, in A. P. Simester and A. T. H. Smith, eds., Harm and Culpability (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).