1. Frymoyer JW, Ducker TB, Hadler NM, et al.:The Adult Spine: Principles and Practice, edn 2. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997.
2. Clinical Practice Guideline, Quick Reference Guide Number 14: Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Rockville, MD: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1994. AHCPR publication 95-0643.
3. Clinical Practice Guideline Number 14: Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Rockville, MD: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1994. AHCPR publication 95-0642. Twenty-three panelists and 122 additional contributors crafted this superb, well annotated, evidence-based clinical practice guideline with 360 references. The algorithm based on this guideline is very helpful and is also shown in reference #2. Although this guideline was published in 1994, the recommendations have held up exceedingly well.
4. McCulloch JA, Transfeldt E: Macnab’s Backache, edn 3. Baltimore: Williams, and Wilkins: 1997.
5. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement Health Care Guideline: Adult Low Back Pain. Bloomington, MN; November 1999.