Deciphering the role of rapamycin in modulating decidual senescence: implications for decidual remodeling and implantation failure

Abstract

Abstract Purpose Physiological decidual senescence promotes embryo implantation, whereas pathological decidual senescence causes many pregnancy pathologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rapamycin on decidual cell subpopulations and endometrial function in physiological and induced senescence and to investigate the decidual cell subpopulations present in physiological conditions during early pregnancy and implantation in mice. Methods Control, physiological decidualization (0.5 mM cAMP and 1 μM MPA added), and induced senescence (0.1 mM HU added) models with and without 200 nM rapamycin treatment were established using a human endometrial stromal cell line, and decidual cell subpopulations were analyzed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The human extravillous trophoblast cell line AC-1M88 was also cultured in decidualization models, and spheroid expansion analysis was performed. In in vivo studies, decidual cell subpopulations were analyzed by immunofluorescence during early mouse pregnancy. Results The results revealed that rapamycin decreased DIO2 and β-GAL expressions in physiological and induced senescence without FOXO1. Notably, in induced senescence, increased fragmentation was observed in AC-1M88 cells, and rapamycin treatment successfully attenuated the fragmentation of spheroids. We showed that the FOXO1-DIO2 signaling axis can trigger decidual senescence during early gestation and days of implantation in mice. Conclusions Our study underlines the importance of rapamycin in modulating decidual cell subpopulations and endometrial tissue function during decidual senescence. The information obtained may provide insight into the pathologies of pregnancy seen due to decidual senescence and guide better treatment strategies for reproductive problems.