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3. Van Vechten, J.A., “A simple man’s view of the thermochemistry of semiconductors” In Handbook on Semiconductors, ed. by T.S. Moss, v. 3, Materials, Properties, and Preparation ed. by S.P. Keller, North Holland, Amsterdam, 1980 (Chapter 1).
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5. For one of the earliest observations, see, for example, Schockley W., and Moll J.L., Phys. Rev., 1960; 119: 1480.