1. The expression originates with Reif, K., Schmitt, H., “Nine Second-Order Elections: A Conceptual Framework,” European Journal of Political Research, 8: 3–4, 1980.
2. Przeworsky, A., Teune, H., The Logic of Comparative Social Enquiry, New York: Wiley, 1977.
3. Oppenhuis, E., Voting Behavior in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Electoral Participation and Party Choice Het Spinhuis Publishers, Amsterdam, 1995
4. van der Eijk, C., Franklin, M., Choosing Europe? The European Electorate and National Politics in the Face of the Union, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.
5. The conceptual and theoretical content of these questions has never been clearly clarified. See on this subject Duchesne, S., Frognier, A.-P., “Is There a European Identity?” pp. 193–227 in Niedermayer, O., Sinott, R., Public Opinion and Internationalized Governance, Oxford University Press, 1995