1. Victor Turner, The Ritual Process: Structure andAnti-Structure, (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1969), 94–97 and 102–11.
2. Catherine Bell, Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice ( New York: Oxford University Press, 1992 ), 88–89.
3. Helen Waddell, The Desert Fathers ( New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1936 ), 102.
4. Jo Ann McNamara, “The Herrenfrage: The Restructuring of the Gender System, 1050-1150,” in Medieval Masculinities: Regarding Men in the Middle Ages, ed. Carol A. Lees ( Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994 ), 3–29.
5. See Nicolas J. Perella, The Kiss Sacred and Profane: An Interpretive History of Kiss Symbolism and Related Religio-Erotic Themes (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), especially 13–23 and 31–42.