Average and extreme heatwaves in Europe at 0.5–2.0 °C global warming levels in CMIP6 model simulations

Abstract

AbstractEuropean heatwaves at the 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 $$^\circ$$ ∘ C global warming levels above the pre-industrial temperature are examined using bias-corrected daily-mean temperature data from 60 simulations performed with 25 global climate models (GCMs). A heatwave event is defined here to consist of at least three consecutive days above the 90th percentile of summer daily-mean temperatures and a break of 1 day is allowed. At the 2.0 $$^\circ$$ ∘ C global warming level compared with 0.5 $$^\circ$$ ∘ C, the multi-GCM mean annual count of heatwave days is projected to be three to fourfold in northern and more than sixfold in southern Europe. The total annual heatwave extremity index, or the sum of exceedings above the threshold temperature over all the heatwave days, becomes approximatively fourfold in the north and tenfold in the south. In central Europe, the date of the strongest heatwave of year is delayed by about 1 week. By concatenating the bias-corrected output data of all the GCM runs, 1200-year samples were created from which probabilities of occurrence of the strongest heatwaves can be determined very robustly under all four warming levels. An intense heatwave occurring once in 10 years at the 0.5 $$^\circ$$ ∘ C warming level has an annual probability of about 50% in northern and 80–90% in southern Europe under 2.0 $$^\circ$$ ∘ C. Corresponding probabilities for 100-year heatwaves would be nearly 20% in the north and about 60% in the south. Finally, we discuss factors that explain the stronger increase in heatwave duration and extremity in the south than north.