In the Absence of Counterregulatory Hormones, the Increase in Hepatic Glucose Production During Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in the Dog Is Initiated in the Liver Rather Than the Brain

Abstract

We have previously demonstrated that the liver can release glucose in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, despite the absence of glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone. The aim of this study was to determine whether this is activated by liver or brain hypoglycemia. We assessed the response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the absence of counterregulatory hormones in overnight-fasted conscious adrenalectomized dogs that were given somatostatin and intraportal insulin (30 pmol · kg−1 · min−1) for 360 min. Glucose was infused to maintain euglycemia for 3 h and then to allow limited peripheral hypoglycemia for the next 3 h. During peripheral hypoglycemia, five dogs received glucose via both carotid and vertebral arteries to maintain cerebral euglycemia (H-EU group) concurrently with peripheral hypoglycemia, while six dogs received saline in these vessels to allow simultaneous cerebral and peripheral hypoglycemia (H-HY group). Throughout the study, arterial insulin was 1,675 ± 295 and 1,440 ± 310 pmol/l in the H-HY and H-EU groups, respectively. Glucose fell from 6.2 ± 0.3 to 2.1 ± 0.0 mmol/l and from 5.8 ± 0.3 to 1.9 ± 0.1 mmol/l in the last hour in the H-HY and H-EU groups, respectively (P < 0.05 for both). Norepinephrine rose from 1.12 ± 0.35 to 2.44 ± 0.69 nmol/l and from 1.09 ± 0.07 to 1.74 ± 0.16 nmol/l in the last hour in the H-HY and H-EU groups, respectively (P < 0.05 for both; no difference between groups). Glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol were below the limits of detection. The liver switched from uptake to output of glucose during peripheral hypoglycemia in both the H-HY (–7.1 ± 2.1 to 5.4 ± 3.1 μmol · kg−1 · min−1) and H-EU (–7.9 ± 3.5 to 3.4 ± 1.7 μmol · kg−1 · min−1) groups (P < 0.05 for both; no difference between groups). Alanine levels and net hepatic alanine uptake fell similarly in both groups. There were increases (P < 0.05) in glycerol (12 ± 3 to 258 ± 47 μmol/l) and nonesterified fatty acid (194 ± 10 to 540 ± 80 micromol/l) levels and in total ketone production (0.4 ± 0.1 to 1.1 ± 0.2 μmol · kg−1 · min−1) in the H-HY group, but these parameters did not change in the H-EU group. These data clearly indicate that the lipolytic and hepatic responses to hypoglycemia are driven by differential sensing mechanisms. Thus, during insulin-induced hypoglycemia, when counterregulatory hormones are absent, liver hypoglycemia triggers the increase in hepatic glucose production, whereas cerebral hypoglycemia causes the increases in lipolysis and ketogenesis.