Affiliation:
1. ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
Abstract
Due to their label-free and noninvasive nature, impedance measurements have attracted increasing interest in biological research. Advances in microfabrication and integrated-circuit technology have opened a route to using large-scale microelectrode arrays for real-time, high-spatiotemporal-resolution impedance measurements of biological samples. In this review, we discuss different methods and applications of measuring impedance for cell and tissue analysis with a focus on impedance imaging with microelectrode arrays in
in vitro
applications. We first introduce how electrode configurations and the frequency range of the impedance analysis determine the information that can be extracted. We then delve into relevant circuit topologies that can be used to implement impedance measurements and their characteristic features, such as resolution and data-acquisition time. Afterwards, we detail design considerations for the implementation of new impedance-imaging devices. We conclude by discussing future fields of application of impedance imaging in biomedical research, in particular applications where optical imaging is not possible, such as monitoring of
ex vivo
tissue slices or microelectrode-based brain implants.
Funder
ETH Postdoctoral Fellowship
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
H2020 European Research Council
Publisher
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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