A Comprehensive Analysis of MicroProteins Reveals Their Potentially Widespread Mechanism of Transcriptional Regulation

Author:

Magnani Enrico12,de Klein Niek1,Nam Hye-In1,Kim Jung-Gun3,Pham Kimberly1,Fiume Elisa2,Mudgett Mary Beth3,Rhee Seung Yon1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (E.M., N.d.K., H.-I.N., K.P., S.Y.R.);

2. Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France (E.M., E.F.); and

3. Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 (J.-G.K., M.B.M.)

Abstract

Abstract Truncated transcription factor-like proteins called microProteins (miPs) can modulate transcription factor activities, thereby increasing transcriptional regulatory complexity. To understand their prevalence, evolution, and function, we predicted over 400 genes that encode putative miPs from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) using a bioinformatics pipeline and validated two novel miPs involved in flowering time and response to abiotic and biotic stress. We provide an evolutionary perspective for a class of miPs targeting homeodomain transcription factors in plants and metazoans. We identify domain loss as one mechanism of miP evolution and suggest the possible roles of miPs on the evolution of their target transcription factors. Overall, we reveal a prominent layer of transcriptional regulation by miPs, show pervasiveness of such proteins both within and across genomes, and provide a framework for studying their function and evolution.

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Plant Science,Genetics,Physiology

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