1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada e-mails: ;
2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada e-mail:
3. CANMET Materials Technology Laboratory, Natural Resources Canada, 183 Longwood Road South, Hamilton, ON L8P 0A5, Canada e-mail:
4. TransCanada Pipeline Limited, 450 1st Street, SW, Calgary, AB T2P 5H1, Canada e-mail: