On the Transition From Non-BLEVE to BLEVE Failure for a 1.8M3 Propane Tank

Author:

Birk A. M.1,VanderSteen J. D. J.1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Abstract

A series of fire tests were conducted on nine, 1.8m3(500USgal) ASME code propane pressure vessels to study the significance of pressure relief valve behavior on tank survivability to fire impingement. In these tests three tanks ruptured (i.e., finite failure) and six boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVEd) (total loss of containment). The difference between the BLEVE and non-BLEVE failures was due to a difference in the fire conditions. It is believed that these tests show some insight into the BLEVE process. In all tests the fire consisted of an array of nominal 590kW(2MBTU∕h) liquid propane burners. A pool fire was not used because of the uncontrolled nature of open pool fires. It was believed that very repeatable fire conditions could be achieved by using a series of burners. In the tests where the outcome was a non-BLEVE there were two burners mounted 30cm above the tank on the tank vapor space. These burners were used to weaken the steel and to initiate a failure. To heat the liquid, there were between 4 and 12 burners applied below the liquid level. When one burner was added on the vapor space, all of the remaining tanks BLEVEd. This was true over a range of fill levels (at failure) of between 10% and 50% by volume. It is believed this added burner was just enough to weaken the tank so that any initial rupture would grow towards a total loss of containment and BLEVE. This paper presents the details of this test series and shows how severely heated length and liquid energy affected the outcome.

Publisher

ASME International

Subject

Mechanical Engineering,Mechanics of Materials,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality

Reference12 articles.

1. Birk, A. M., Cunningham, M. H., Ostic, P., and Hiscoke, B., 1997, “Fire Tests of Propane Tanks to Study BLEVEs and Other Thermal Ruptures: Detailed Analysis of Medium Scale Test Results,” TP 12498E, Transport Canada.

2. Ogiso, C., Takagi, N., and Kitagawa, T., 1972, “On the Mechanism of Vapor Explosion, Loss Prevention and Safety Symposium,” PACHEC, Japan, Session 9, pp. 233–240.

3. Explosive Boiling of a Depressurized Volatile Liquid;Barbone

4. Birk, A. M., VanderSteen, J. D. J., Davison, C., Cunningham, M. H., and Mirzazadeh, I., 2003, “PRV Field Trials—The Effects of Fire Conditions and PRV Blowdown on Propane Tank Survivability in a Fire,” TP 14045E, Transport Canada.

5. Venart, J. E. S. , 2000, “Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion: Possible Failure Mechanisms and Their Consequences,” Institute of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series, Hazards XV: The Process, its Safety and the Environment.

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