1. IHI Corporation, Research Laboratory, 1, Shin-Nakahara-Cho, Isogo-Ku, Yokohama 235-8501, Japan e-mail:
2. Columbia University, Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea; School of Aerospace, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China e-mail: