1. Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
2. Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Electro-Communication University, 18-8 Hatsu-cho, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8630, Japan
3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837