1. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
2. IEK-3: Electrochemical Process Engineering, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany;
3. Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China e-mail:
4. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China e-mail:
5. Modeling Electrochemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52062, Germany e-mail: