1. ASME B31.4, 1992, Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols, ASME, New York.
2. Karman, Th. von, 1911, “U¨ber die Forma¨nderung du¨nnwandiger Rohre, insbesondere federnder Ausgleichrohre,” Zeitschrift des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure, 55(45), pp. 1889–1895.
3. Vigness, I. , 1943, “Elastic Properties of Curved Tubes,” Trans. ASME, pp. 105–120.
4. Pardue, T. E., and Vigness, I., 1951, “Properties of Thin Walled Curved Tubes of Short Bend Radius,” Trans. ASME, 73, pp. 77–84.
5. Kafka, P. G., and Dunn, M. B., 1956, “Stiffness of Curved Circular Tubes With Internal Pressure,” Trans. ASME, 78, pp. 247–254.