Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Heart Rate on Flow in the Left Ventricle in Health and Disease—Aortic Valve Regurgitation

Abstract

Abstract There is much debate in the literature surrounding the effects of heart rate on aortic regurgitation (AR). Despite the contradictory information, it is still widely believed that an increase in heart rate is beneficial due to the disproportionate shortening of the duration of diastole relative to systole, permitting less time for the left ventricle to fill from regurgitation. This in vitro work investigates how a change in heart rate affects the left ventricular fluid dynamics in the absence and presence of acute AR. The experiments are performed on a novel double-activation left heart simulator previously used for the study of chronic AR. The intraventricular velocity fields are acquired via time-resolved planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) in a clinically relevant plane. Considering fluid dynamic factors, an increase in heart rate was observed to have a limited benefit in the case of mild AR and a detrimental effect for more severe AR. With increasing heart rate, mild AR was associated with a decrease in regurgitant volume, a negligible change in regurgitant volume per diastolic second, and a limited reduction in the fraction of retained regurgitant inflow. More severe AR was accompanied by an increase in both regurgitant volume and the fraction of retained regurgitant inflow, implying a less effective pumping efficiency and a longer relative residence time of blood in the ventricle. Globally, the left ventricle's capacity to compensate for the increase in energy dissipation associated with an increase in heart rate diminishes considerably with severity, a phenomenon which may be exploited further as a method of noninvasive assessment of the severity of AR. These findings may affect the clinical belief that tachycardia is preferred in acute AR and should be investigated further in the clinical setting.